Новость из категории: Ümümi məlumat: Almaniya

Almaniya: Təbiət və iqlim



Təbiət quruluşu


Almaniya Federativ Respublikası Avropanın düz ürəyində yerləşir. Onun doqquz qonşusu var: şimalda Danimarka, qərbdə Niderland, Belgiya, Lüksemburq və Fransa, cənubda İsveçrə və Avstriya, şərqdə isə Çex Respublikası və Polşa ilə həmsərhəddir. Bu mərkəzi yerləşmə əsasən 1990-cı il oktyabrın 3-dən, yəni Almaniya yenidən birləşdikdən sonra əmələ gəlmişdir. Federativ Respublika Şərqlə Qərbi birləşdirməkdən əlavə, həm də Skandinaviya və Aralıq sahilləri arasında körpü rolunu oynayır. Avropa Birliyinin və NATO-nun tam hüquqlu üzvü kimi Almaniya Mərkəzi və Şərqi Avropa ölkələri üçün körpü rolunu oynayır.

Almaniya Federativ Respublikası təxminən 357 min kvadrat ərazini əhatə edir. Düz xətt üzrə şimaldan cənuba ən uzun məsafə 876 km, qərbdən şərqə isə 640 km-dir. Ölkənin sərhədləri, son nöqtələri şimalda Silt adasındakı Zist, şərqdə Deşka, Saksoniya, cənubda Obersdorf, Bavariya, qərbdə isə Selfkant, Şimali Rayn-Vestfalia ilə bitir. Ölkənin ümumi sərhədlərinin uzunluğu 3758 kilometrdir.

Almaniya əhalisinin sayına görə, Rusiya Federasiyasından sonra Avropada ikincidir və təxminən 82,1 milyon əhalisi vardır. Böyük Britaniya (59 milyon), Fransa (58,6 milyon) və İtaliya (57,5 milyon) əhalisinin sayına görə sonrakı yerləri bölüşdürürlər. Lakin sahəsinə görə, Almaniya Fransadan (544 min km/2), və İspaniyadan (506 min km/2) kiçikdir.


Iqlim


Almaniya bir ölkə kimi Atlantik Okean və Şərqdəki kontinental iqlim arasında orta soyuq qərb küləyi zonasında yerləşir. Temperaturda kəskin dəyişikliklər müstəsna hallarda baş verir. Qış aylarında havanın temperaturu 1,5 dərəсə (alçaq ərazilərdə) – 6 dərəсə (dağlarda) arasında olur. İlin ən isti ayı olan İyul ayında temperatur alçaq hündürlüklü ərazilərdə 18 dərəсə, сənub ərazilərin sığınaсaq dərələrində isə 20 dərəсə olur. Yuxarı Rayne özünün kəskin mülayim iqlimi, Yuxarı Bavariya özünün сənubdan gələn isti Alp küləkləri, Harz dağları, iqlim zonası kimi, özünün soyuq küləkləri, sərin yayları və qışdakı ağır qar yağması ilə istisna təşkil edirlər.


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